Tuesday, July 13, 2010

16th Century Scotland & ``Hamlet''

Just as in Ancient Greece, any attempt to resist prophecy causes its fulfillment, Macbeth's murderous attempts at evasion helped fulfill prophecy going back to mythological Arthur's times, to reunite the old empire.
Now to ``Hamlet''. What is Denmark for our playwright? The Denmark attributed to the source, Saxo Grammaticus, which is this backwater, barely this side of antedeluvianism? ``Even the Hamlet, the hero of the primitive story, cuts an enemy's body to pieces and boils it and outrages a woman, and yet he is the best person in the whole piece.'' Something is rotten, but's it not in the state of Denmark.
Shakespeare's Denmark was 16th century Scotland. Here's why.
1) In Shakespeare's Denmark, feudal anarchy is the rule, no pun intended, the crown is overthrown and all the main characters are killed or die tragically. The same for Scotland. Its crown was in continuous danger of being overthrown and seized by the elder and younger Bothwells, nearly every head of state or statesman is killed or died tragically-such as James V (James VI's grandfather), Mary Queen of Scotts, Lord Darnley, Rizzio, and Murray.
2) Shakespeare's Denmark while feudal, was an intellectual hotbed where Cathlolicism and Protestantism lived side by side although barely peacefully. This would be similar to Scotland of the 16th century where John Knox the founder of Presbyterianism and his co-religionist Dr. George Buchanan--teacher to the young James VI and Michel de Montaigne--worked to further the Renaissance. In ``Hamlet'', the ghost Hamlet, the living Hamlet's father, was Catholic:
Cut off even in the blossoms of my sin,Unhousel'd, disappointed, unanel'd,No reckoning made, but sent to my accountWith all my imperfections on my head:O, horrible! O, horrible! most horrible
(I.v. 76-80)
The living Hamlet is Protestant; as the Queen requests of her son:
Let not thy mother lose her prayers, Hamlet:I pray thee, stay with us; go not to Wittenberg.
(I.2.118-119)
Wittenberg is the site where in 1517 Martin Luther nailed his theses to the church door and is considered to have started the Protestant Reformation.
``This peculiar combination is, once again, exactly paralleled in contemporary Scotland; the queen's party were Catholics; her opponents were the Protestant lords, and there was a specially close connection between Scotland and German Protestant Universities. Knox himself once had a congregation at Frankfort-on-the-Main, [Froude, Chap. X.] and there were many other Scotch Protestants in different parts of Germany. `"There was a whole Scoto-German school, among whom the Wedderburns were predominant."'

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